fourth exam

Survey of Art I Dr. Hunnewell

Study Guide IV: Early, High, and Late Gothic; 1300’s in Italy; Ancient African Art; Medieval (Samurai Japan); Northern Renaissance in

Flanders (1400’s)

I. Early Gothic (c. 1140-1190)

Terms:

• Feudalism, Crusades: military ventures. The brought Western Europeans into contact with the Byzantine and Islamic worlds where literary works of classical antiquity had been preserved.
• Universities: Padua, Paris, and Oxford: they supplanted rural monastic schools as centers of learning. Teachers like Peter Abelard drew students. Thomas Aquinas made Paris the intellectual center of Europe.

France:

Terms:

• Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis: directed construction of a new abbey church.
• Gothic choir: resembled a pilgrimage church. It had a semicircular sanctuary surrounded by an ambulatory and seven radiating chapels. It had large stained glass windows. It had ribbed groin vaults springing from round piers, pointed arches, wall buttresses and adequate window openings.
• pointed arch:
• rib vault:a form of groin vaults, where ridges formed by intersecting vaults may rest on and be covered by curved moldings called ribs
• stained glass: permitted colored light to permeate the interior
• symbolism of light and space: illuminates the soul and unites it with God
• Notre Dame = Our Lady, Life of Christ and the Virgin Mary: started by Pope Alexander II. It includes a nave, massive walls, buttresses, and six part vaults adopted from Norman Romanesque. The nave had four stories
• Liberal Arts
• trivium: speak, write, and think critically
• quadrivium: arithmetic, astronomy, music, geometry
• The Gothic Church p. 522
• rose window: stained glass, the center symbolizes either Christ or the Virgin Mary. The next row represents the 12 apostles, and the next ones represent saints.
• lancets: tall narrow window crowned by a sharply pointed arch.
• flying buttress: a gracefully arched, skeletal exterior support, counters the outward thrust of the nave vault by carrying the weight over the side aisles to the ground.
• choir: where the high altar was situated behind a choir screen
• Master Builders, p. 525: master masons. They coordinated the work of 400 people scattered at many locations from the distant stone quarries to high scaffolding

Objects/Monuments:

• Abbey Church of Saint-Denis: western façade and choir (16-1, 2, 3):
• made by Suger
• sculptured portals
• ribbed vault
• choir
• Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (16-4):
• nave had 4 stories: an arcade surmounted by a gallery and 2 levels of small windows including lancets and round “bull’s eye” windows.
• flying buttresses
• Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres: western façade, Royal Portal (16-5, 6, 7, 8):
• dedicated to the Virgin Mary
• Tunic of the Virgin
• on the West the sculpture is dedicated to Christ
• on the north transept portal depicts the world before Christ and St Anne and the Virgin Mary
• on the south it shows later events like the Last Judgement

II. High Gothic, (c. 1190-1300)

Terms:

• Virgin’s tunic: a piece of linen believed to have been worn by the Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. It was gift from the Byzantine Empress Irene to Charlemagne. It was kept below the high altar in a huge basement crypt. It supposedly had healing powers.
• High Gothic wall division:
• nave arcade: the elevation of the nave is balanced and compact. Uniform and evenly spaced compound piers with engaged half columns topped by foliage capitals, support the arcades
• triforium: a passage way
• clerestory: windows where the glazers used simple figures that could be seen at a distance because of their size, simple drawing, and strong colors
• Tree of Jesse: on the west side of Chartres. Jesse, the father of King David and ancestor of Mary lies at the base of the tree who’s trunk grows out of his body. The tree connects Jesus with the house of David. In the branches above him appear four kings of Judea, the the Virgin Mary, and finally Christ himself. Seven doves symbolize seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, 14 prophets
• Chartres Blue: the stained glass window has a blue color that no one is able to figure out how it was made.
• Cult of the Virgin:
• Coronation
• Annunciation: at Reims on the west facades. Mary is pregnant with Jesus, and she is visiting her cousin Elizabeth who is pregnant with John the Baptist. She is a quiet, graceful figure with a slender body and restrained gestures
• Visitation: the work of the Classical Shop, the right pair with Annunciation
• Smiling Angel Master: created tall, gracefully swaying figures that in body type, features, pose, and gestures suggest the fashionable refinement.
• Gothic encyclopedias:
• Louis IX or St. Louis: collects relics of Christ’s Passion.
• relics of Christ’s Passion: crown of thorns, a bit of the metal lance tip that pierced Christ’s side, the vinegar soaked sponge offered to wet Christ’s lips, a nail used in the Crucifixion, and a fragment of the True Cross

Objects/Monuments:

• Notre Dame, Chartres: nave, transept, choir (16-8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14):
• dedicated to the Virgin Mary
• decoration has a lot of symbolism
• rose windows
• economy was based on trade fairs
• famous for the stained glass
• Notre Dame, Reims (16-18,19, 23):
• coronation church of the kings of France
• was a cultural and educational center
• fire destroyed it, and the rebuilt it
• sculpture and stained glass
• Sainte-Chapelle, Paris (Rayonnant style)(16-24):
• ordered by Louis IX, also called the Holy Chapel
• resembles a giant reliquary made of stone and glass.
• two stories
• the ground level is accessible from a court yard. It has a nave and narrow side aisles
• private upper lever is entered from the royal residence. It is a single room with a western porch and a rounded east wall. The exterior has gables and wall buttresses framing huge windows
• Queen Blanche of Castile and Louis IX (fr. Moralized Bible, 16-25):
• king Louis IX’s mother and him are in the royal palace, maybe where manuscripts were made. Below, a scholar monk dictates and the scribe works on a page with a column of circles that holds the illustrations.
• Abraham, Sarah, and Three Strangers (fr. Psalter of St. Louis, 16-26):
• defines the Court style in manuscript illumination.
• Jean Pucelle, Betrayal of Christ and Annunciation (fr. Petites Heures of Jeanne d’Evreux, 16-36) :
• from the Book of Hours
• in Annunciation, Mary is shown receiving Gabriel while rejoicing angels look from a window.
• In Betrayal, Judas Iscariot embraces Christ and introduces him to Roman Soldiers

III. International Gothic (1200’s and 1300’s)

Objects/Monuments:

England

• Salisbury Cathedral (16-28, 29, 30):
• Heavenly Jerusalem on Earth
• the west facade had a large width, underscored by tiers of blind tracery and arcaded niches
• tall lancet windows above insignificant doors
• crossing tower was the focal point
• Life of the Virgin, Chasuble (16-43):
• embroidered with colored silk, gold threads forming the images subtley

(OVER)

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IV. Art of Ancient Africa

Terms: Defining Art: The Myth of “Primitive Art” (p. 424); Ife, Nigeria, oni, scarification; oba, Benin, Nigeria; The Object Speaks: A Warrior Chief Pledging Loyalty,p. 428; iyoba

Objects/Monuments:

Saharan Rock Art -- Cattle Being Tended (13-3)

Sub-Saharan Civilizations -- Ife, Nigeria, Head of a King, Yoruba People (13-7)

Benin, Nigeria

Warrior Chief Plaque, Benin, p. 428; Memorial Head of an Oba, Benin (13-9), Altar, Edo Culture, Nigeria (13-10)

V. Medieval (Samurai) Japan (c. 800 -1333 C.E.)

Heian Japan (794-1185)

Terms: Pure Land Buddhism, Amida Buddha

Objects/Monuments:

Phoenix Hall, Byodo-in, Uji (11-11), Jocho, Amida Buddha (11-12); Toba Sojo (attr.), Frolicking Animals, Handscroll, ink on paper (11-14)

Kamakura Japan (1185-1333)

Terms: Clan warfare, shogun, samurai, warrior arts; Zen Buddhism; Arts and Its Context: Arms and Armor, p. 389; The Object Speaks: Monk Sewing (p. 390)

Objects/Monuments:

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, Handscroll, ink on paper (11-15); Kao Ninga (attr.), Monk Sewing; Kosho, Kuya Preaching (11-17)

IV. Fourteenth Century Art in Europe (1300’s)

Terms: Italian republics: Florence, Siena; trade, craft guilds, banking, middle class; Triumph of Death, p. 556; Art and Context: A New Spirit in Fourteenth Century-Century Literature, p. 561; Technique: Cennino Cennini’s On Painting

(p. 564 -- tempera); Byzantine or Greek manner; Technique: Buon Fresco,

p. 569; linear perspective; International Style (Northern/French influence)

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Fourteenth Century Art in Europe (1300’s), con’d.

Objects/Monuments:

Italy

Florence Cathedral (Duomo, 17-3, 4); Giotto, Virgin and Child Enthroned (17-7);

Giotto, Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua: Joachim and Anna (n.i.), Raising of Lazarus, Lamentation (17-9, 10); Duccio, Virgin and Child in Majesty from the Maesta Altarpiece (17-11, 12); Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Allegory of Good Government in the City and Country, City Hall, Siena (17-14, 15), civic patronage, secular themes

France

Jean Pucelle, Betrayal and Arrest of Christ from the Book of Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux (17-16)

The Holy Roman Empire

Vesperbild (Germany, 17-26)

V. Northern Renaissance in Flanders, 1400’s

(The arts of the Northern Renaissance are not covered in our text. They will be the subject of our research, presentations, and class discussion.)

Terms: Bruges, Dukes of Burgundy, International Style; diptych, triptych, polyptych, predella; portrait, genre, still life, landscape; oil technique with glazes; disguised symbolism; atmospheric perspective

Objects/Monuments

Limbourg Brothers, Tres Riches Heures for the Duke of Berry

Robert Campin, Merode Altarpiece

Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban (Self Portrait?)

Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece

Jan van Eyck, Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini (?) and Giovanna Cenami (?)

Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke Painting the Virgin

Petrus Christus, A Goldsmith (St Eligius?)

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights